Identify various barriers and facilitators associated with participation in fitness among persons with disabilities.
Focus groups were conducted in ten regions across the United States in 2001 to 2002 with four types of participants: Consumers with disabilities, Architects, Fitness and recreation professionals, and city planners and park district managers. Sessions were tape-recorded and content analyzed;
The purpose of this study was to identify various barriers and facilitators associated with participation in fitness and recreation programs/facilities among persons with disabilities.
Focus groups were conducted in ten regions across the United States in 2001 to 2002 with four types of participants: Consumers with disabilities, Architects, Fitness and recreation professionals, and City planners and park district managers.
Sessions were tape-recorded and content analyzed; focus group facilitators took notes of identified barriers and facilitators to access.
Content analysis of tape recordings revealed 178 barriers and 130 facilitators. The following themes were identified:
Sessions were tape-recorded and content analyzed; focus group facilitators took notes of identified barriers and facilitators to access.
Content analysis of tape recordings revealed 178 barriers and 130 facilitators. The following themes were identified:
- barriers and facilitators related to the built and natural environment
- economic issues
- Emotional and psychological barriers
- Equipment barriers
- Barriers related to the use and interpretation of guidelines, codes, regulations, and laws
- Information-related barriers
- Professional knowledge, education, and training issues>/li>
- Perceptions and attitudes of persons who are not disabled, including professionals
- Policies and procedures both at the facility and community level; and (10) availability of resources. The degree of participation in physical activity among people with disabilities is affected by a multifactorial set of barriers and facilitators that are unique to this population. Future research should utilize this information to develop intervention strategies that have a greater likelihood of success.
1.Ravesloot C, Seekins T, Young Q. Health promotion for people with
chronic illness and physical disabilities: the connection between health
psychology and disability prevention. Clin Psychol Psychother 1998;5:76–
85.
2. Rimmer JH. Health promotion for individuals with disabilities. The need for a transitional model in service delivery. Dis Manage Health Outcomes 2002;10:337–43.
3. Simeonsson RJ, McDevitt LN, eds. Issues in disability and health: the role of secondary conditions and quality of life. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Office on Disability and Health, 1999.
4. Heath GW, Fentem PH. Physical activity among persons with disabilities—a public health perspective. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997;25:195–234.
5. National Council on Disability. Wilderness accessibility for people with disabilities: a report to the President and the Congress of the United States on Section 507 (a) of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington DC: National Council on Disability, 1992.
6. Rimmer JH. Health promotion for people with disabilities: the emerging paradigm shift from disability prevention to prevention of secondary conditions. Phys Ther 1999;79:495–502.
7. Rimmer JH, Braddock D. Physical activity, disability, and cardiovascular health. In: Leon AS, ed. Physical activity and cardiovascular health: a national consensus. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 1997:236–44.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010. Conference edition, vol. 2. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000.
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.
10. Dunn AL, Andersen RE, Jackicic JM. Lifestyle physical activity interven- tions: history, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 1998;15:398–412.
11.Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:188–99.
12. Kinne S, Patrick DL, Maher EJ. Correlates of exercise maintenance among people with mobility impairments. Disabil & Rehabil 1999;21:15–22.
13. Sallis JF, Johnson MF, Calfas KJ, Caparosa S, Nichols JF. Assessing perceived physical environment variables that may influence physical activity. Res Q Exerc Sport 1997;68:345–51. 14. King AC, Stokols D, Talen E, Brassington GS, Killingsworth R. Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity: forging a transdisciplinary paradigm. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(suppl 2)
15. Meyers AR, Anderson JJ, Miller DR, Shipp K, Hoenig H. Barriers, facilita- tors, and access for wheelchair users: substantive and methodologic lessons from a pilot study of environmental effects. Soc Sci Med 2002;55:1435–46.
16. Rimmer JH, Rubin SS, Braddock D. Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81:182–8.
17. U.S. Access Board. Americans with Disabilities Act accessibility guidelines for buildings and facilities: recreation facilities. Available at: www.access- board.gov/recreation/final.htm. Accessed March 22, 2004.
18. U.S. Department of Justice. Americans with Disabilities Act Title III. Available at: www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/publicat.htm. Accessed March 22, 2004.
19. Figoni SF, McClain L, Bell AA, Degnan JM, Norbury NE, Rettele RR. Accessibility of physical fitness facilities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 1998;3:66–78.
20. Nary DE, Froehlich AK, White GW. Accessibility of fitness facilities for persons with physical disabilities using wheelchairs. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2000;6:87–98.
21. Cardinal BJ, Spaziani MD. ADA compliance and the accessibility of physical activity facilities in western Oregon. Am J Health Promot 2003;17:197–201.
22. Neuberger GR, Kasal S, Smith KV, Hassanein R, Deviney S. Determinants of exercise and aerobic fitness in outpatients with arthritis. Nurs Res 1994;43: 11–18.
23. Kruger RA. Analyzing and reporting focus group results. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 1998.
24. Dunn AL, Andersen RE, Jakicic JM. Lifestyle physical activity interventions: history, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 1998;15:398–412.
25. Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. Socioeconomic status differences in recre- ational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Prev Med 2002;35:601–11.
26. Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Dzewaltowski DA, Owen N. Toward a better under- standing of the influences on physical activity: the role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med 2002;23:5–14.
27. Carnegie MA, Bauman A, Marshall AL, Mohsin M, Westley-Wise V, Booth ML. Perceptions of the physical environment, stage of change for physical activity, and walking among Australian adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73: 146–55.
28. Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Soc Sci Med 2002;54:1793–812.
29. Sallis JF, Kraft K, Linton LS. How the environment shapes physical activity: a transdisciplinary research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:208.
30.Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:73–107.
31. Satariano WA, McAuley E. Promoting physical activity among older adults: from ecology to the individual. Am J Prev Med 2003;25:184–92.
2. Rimmer JH. Health promotion for individuals with disabilities. The need for a transitional model in service delivery. Dis Manage Health Outcomes 2002;10:337–43.
3. Simeonsson RJ, McDevitt LN, eds. Issues in disability and health: the role of secondary conditions and quality of life. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Office on Disability and Health, 1999.
4. Heath GW, Fentem PH. Physical activity among persons with disabilities—a public health perspective. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997;25:195–234.
5. National Council on Disability. Wilderness accessibility for people with disabilities: a report to the President and the Congress of the United States on Section 507 (a) of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington DC: National Council on Disability, 1992.
6. Rimmer JH. Health promotion for people with disabilities: the emerging paradigm shift from disability prevention to prevention of secondary conditions. Phys Ther 1999;79:495–502.
7. Rimmer JH, Braddock D. Physical activity, disability, and cardiovascular health. In: Leon AS, ed. Physical activity and cardiovascular health: a national consensus. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 1997:236–44.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010. Conference edition, vol. 2. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000.
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.
10. Dunn AL, Andersen RE, Jackicic JM. Lifestyle physical activity interven- tions: history, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 1998;15:398–412.
11.Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:188–99.
12. Kinne S, Patrick DL, Maher EJ. Correlates of exercise maintenance among people with mobility impairments. Disabil & Rehabil 1999;21:15–22.
13. Sallis JF, Johnson MF, Calfas KJ, Caparosa S, Nichols JF. Assessing perceived physical environment variables that may influence physical activity. Res Q Exerc Sport 1997;68:345–51. 14. King AC, Stokols D, Talen E, Brassington GS, Killingsworth R. Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity: forging a transdisciplinary paradigm. Am J Prev Med 2002;23(suppl 2)
15. Meyers AR, Anderson JJ, Miller DR, Shipp K, Hoenig H. Barriers, facilita- tors, and access for wheelchair users: substantive and methodologic lessons from a pilot study of environmental effects. Soc Sci Med 2002;55:1435–46.
16. Rimmer JH, Rubin SS, Braddock D. Barriers to exercise in African American women with physical disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81:182–8.
17. U.S. Access Board. Americans with Disabilities Act accessibility guidelines for buildings and facilities: recreation facilities. Available at: www.access- board.gov/recreation/final.htm. Accessed March 22, 2004.
18. U.S. Department of Justice. Americans with Disabilities Act Title III. Available at: www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/publicat.htm. Accessed March 22, 2004.
19. Figoni SF, McClain L, Bell AA, Degnan JM, Norbury NE, Rettele RR. Accessibility of physical fitness facilities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 1998;3:66–78.
20. Nary DE, Froehlich AK, White GW. Accessibility of fitness facilities for persons with physical disabilities using wheelchairs. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2000;6:87–98.
21. Cardinal BJ, Spaziani MD. ADA compliance and the accessibility of physical activity facilities in western Oregon. Am J Health Promot 2003;17:197–201.
22. Neuberger GR, Kasal S, Smith KV, Hassanein R, Deviney S. Determinants of exercise and aerobic fitness in outpatients with arthritis. Nurs Res 1994;43: 11–18.
23. Kruger RA. Analyzing and reporting focus group results. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 1998.
24. Dunn AL, Andersen RE, Jakicic JM. Lifestyle physical activity interventions: history, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 1998;15:398–412.
25. Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. Socioeconomic status differences in recre- ational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Prev Med 2002;35:601–11.
26. Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Dzewaltowski DA, Owen N. Toward a better under- standing of the influences on physical activity: the role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med 2002;23:5–14.
27. Carnegie MA, Bauman A, Marshall AL, Mohsin M, Westley-Wise V, Booth ML. Perceptions of the physical environment, stage of change for physical activity, and walking among Australian adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73: 146–55.
28. Giles-Corti B, Donovan RJ. The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Soc Sci Med 2002;54:1793–812.
29. Sallis JF, Kraft K, Linton LS. How the environment shapes physical activity: a transdisciplinary research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:208.
30.Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:73–107.
31. Satariano WA, McAuley E. Promoting physical activity among older adults: from ecology to the individual. Am J Prev Med 2003;25:184–92.
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